Cannot view or map drives by host shortname
I think this is pointing to your 'master computer browser' service on the emulated PDC - possibly it's stopped, you have proved that netbios over tcp is working, so we can rule that out - it's not DNS or domain suffix configuration on your interface, as 1) it works with FQDN 2) we don't want to use FQDN. So I would venture that 'Computer Browser Server' is where the issue is. It's possibly stopped as the result of an election process and is now running on different 'Master' a machine which thinks it's master and forces and election.
Browser Elections, Browser elections occur to select a new master browse server under the following circumstances: When a computer cannot locate a master browse server.
When a preferred master browse server comes online.
When a Windows-based domain controller starts.
When a back-up browse server cannot contact the master browse server to obtain updates to the browse list.
troubleshooting why the browser service was stopped is referenced in this common causes kb article https://support.microsoft.com/en-ie/kb/135404
what is this service?
Browser service or Computer Browser Service is a feature of Microsoft Windows to let users easily browse and locate shared resources in neighboring computers. This is done by aggregating the information in a single computer "Browse Master" (or "Master Browser").
If you have recently upgraded a straggling Windows server 2003 box then it's worth quoting: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726965.aspx
Computer Browser Service Windows Server 2008 sets the startup state of the Computer Browser service to disabled by default for a new installation of Windows Server and when upgrading an existing server to Windows Server 2008. The Computer Browser service helps maintain an updated list of domains, workgroups, and server computers on the network and supplies this list to client computers upon request. For detailed information about Computer Browser service operation, see Appendix C - Computer Browser Service. The default startup state of the Computer Browser service on computers running Windows Server 2008 can cause problems for a domain controller in the primary domain controller flexible single master operations (PDC FSMO) role. For computer browsing, a computer in the PDC FSMO role centrally collects and distributes information about domains, workgroups, and computers for multi-subnet networks. If the computer in the PDC FSMO role is not running the Computer Browser service, computer browse lists across the network will contain only domains, workgroups, and computers on the local subnet. To prevent this problem, configure the startup type for the Computer Browser service for Automatic on the computer in the PDC FSMO role and then start Computer Browser service. You can do this from the Services snap-in or at an elevated command prompt with the following commands: sc config browser start= auto sc start browser Because the Computer Browser service relies on file and printer sharing, you will also need to turn on File and Printer Sharing in the Network and Sharing Center. Alternatively, move the PDC FSMO role to another domain controller that has the Computer Browser service started and configured for automatic startup and File and Printer Sharing turned on in the Network and Sharing Center. Additionally, if the only server computer on a subnet is running Windows Server 2008, client computers will become the local browse server on the subnets. As client computers are started and are shut down, the role of the local browse server will pass from one client computer to another, possibly resulting in an inconsistent display of domains, workgroups, and computers. To prevent this problem, on the computer running Windows Server 2008, turn on file and printer sharing, configure the startup type for the Computer Browser service for Automatic, and then start the Computer Browser service.
As Noor Khaldi says it could be a problem related with NetBios or the TCP Helper of NetBios.
The destination computer and the client one are in the same local domain? It could be a problem related with the DNS suffix.
Run a ipconfig /all and look for the DNS Suffix Search List at the top of the results and look for the Connection-specific DNS Suffix of the network interfaces. The first one should have the suffix for the domain you're in, and the custom suffix of each NIC should be empty or with the same info as the global one.
If you're in a hurry you can set this registry hack to allow the use of aliases when contacting with shares:
Edit the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\lanmanserver\parameters and add a value DisableStrictNameChecking of type DWORD and set it to 1.
It all depends on the name resolution strategy you have in there, from your description, it seems that NetBIOS name resolution (which is used for short names) is failing to look up the IP address of the server you're looking for.
"Ping" is going to use the FQDN name so you're not supposed to use it while looking for short names, instead use "NBTStat" to test.
- Check if NetBIOS is enabled on both the computers you're working on.
- Use the NBTStat command to see if you're able to resolve the hostname.
- Add the destination IP/Name to the Hosts file if name resolution fails. or check why you're unable to connect if it's resolving correctly.
For further reading: https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/nitinsingh/2013/06/24/dilemma-of-name-resolution-process-with-ping-vs-nslookup/