Why is arr = [] faster than arr = new Array?

Solution 1:

Further expanding on previous answers...

From a general compilers perspective and disregarding VM-specific optimizations:

First, we go through the lexical analysis phase where we tokenize the code.

By way of example, the following tokens may be produced:

[]: ARRAY_INIT
[1]: ARRAY_INIT (NUMBER)
[1, foo]: ARRAY_INIT (NUMBER, IDENTIFIER)
new Array: NEW, IDENTIFIER
new Array(): NEW, IDENTIFIER, CALL
new Array(5): NEW, IDENTIFIER, CALL (NUMBER)
new Array(5,4): NEW, IDENTIFIER, CALL (NUMBER, NUMBER)
new Array(5, foo): NEW, IDENTIFIER, CALL (NUMBER, IDENTIFIER)

Hopefully this should provide you a sufficient visualization so you can understand how much more (or less) processing is required.

Based on the above tokens, we know as a fact ARRAY_INIT will always produce an array. We therefore simply create an array and populate it. As far as ambiguity, the lexical analysis stage has already distinguished ARRAY_INIT from an object property accessor (e.g. obj[foo]) or brackets inside strings/regex literals (e.g. "foo[]bar" or /[]/)
This is miniscule, but we also have more tokens with new Array. Furthermore, it's not entirely clear yet that we simply want to create an array. We see the "new" token, but "new" what? We then see the IDENTIFIER token which signifies we want a new "Array," but JavaScript VM's generally do not distinguish an IDENTIFIER token and tokens for "native global objects." Therefore...
We have to look up the scope chain each time we encounter an IDENTIFIER token. Javascript VMs contain an "Activation object" for each execution context which may contain the "arguments" object, locally defined variables, etc. If we cannot find it in the Activation object, we begin looking up the scope chain until we reach the global scope. If nothing is found, we throw a ReferenceError.
Once we've located the variable declaration, we invoke the constructor. new Array is an implicit function call, and the rule of thumb is that function calls are slower during execution (hence why static C/C++ compilers allow "function inlining" - which JS JIT engines such as SpiderMonkey have to do on-the-fly)
The Array constructor is overloaded. The Array constructor is implemented as native code so it provides some performance enhancements, but it still needs to check for arguments length and act accordingly. Moreover, in the event only one argument is supplied, we need to further check the type of the argument. new Array("foo") produces ["foo"] where as new Array(1) produces [undefined]

So to simplify it all: with array literals, the VM knows we want an array; with new Array, the VM needs to use extra CPU cycles to figure out what new Array actually does.

Solution 2:

One possible reason is that new Array requires a name lookup on Array (you can have a variable with that name in scope), whereas [] does not.

Solution 3:

Good question. The first example is called an array literal. It is the prefered way to create arrays among many developers. It could be that the performance difference is caused by checking the arguments of the new Array() call and then creating the object, while the literal creates an array directly.

The relatively small difference in performance supports this point I think. You could do the same test with the Object and object literal {} by the way.

Solution 4:

Also, interesting, if the length of the array is known in advance (elements will be added just after creation), the use of an array constructor with a specified length is much faster on recent Google Chrome 70+.

"new Array( %ARR_LENGTH% )" – 100% (faster)!
"[]" – 160-170% (slower)

Chart with results of the measures.

The test can be found here - https://jsperf.com/small-arr-init-with-known-length-brackets-vs-new-array/2

Note: this result tested on Google Chrome v.70+; in the Firefox v.70 and IE both variants almost equal.

Solution 5:

This would make some sense

Objects literals enable us to write code that supports lots of features yet still make it a relatively straightforward for the implementers of our code. No need to invoke constructors directly or maintain the correct order of arguments passed to functions, etc.

http://www.dyn-web.com/tutorials/obj_lit.php