A proof using Yoneda lemma

$$\hom(R/I \otimes S,-) = \hom(R/I,-) \times \hom(S,-) = \{f \in \hom(R,-):f(I)=0\} \times \hom(S,-)$$ $$ = \{h \in \hom(R \otimes S,-) : h(I \otimes 1)=0\}=\hom((R \otimes S)/I^e,-).$$ Hence, $R/I \otimes S = (R \otimes S)/I^e$. Then also $R/I \otimes S/J = (R \otimes S/J)/I^e = (R \otimes S)/(J^e,I^e)$.

The claim, I suppose, is that for commutative $k$-algebras $R$ and $S$ and ideals $I \trianglelefteq R$ and $J \trianglelefteq S$, we have $$(R \otimes_k S) / (I^e + J^e) \cong (R / I) \otimes_k (S / J)$$ where $I^e$ is the extension of $I$ along $R \to R \otimes_k S$ and similarly for $J^e$.

Well, $$\mathbf{CAlg}_k ((R / I) \otimes_k (S / J), T) \cong \mathbf{CAlg}_k (R / I, T) \times \mathbf{CAlg}_k (S / J, T)$$ and $$\mathbf{CAlg}_k (R / I, T) \cong \{ f \in \mathbf{CAlg}_k (R, T) : f (I) = 0 \}$$ $$\mathbf{CAlg}_k (S / J, T) \cong \{ g \in \mathbf{CAlg}_k (S, T) : g (J) = 0 \}$$ but $$\mathbf{CAlg}_k (R, T) \times \mathbf{CAlg}_k (S, T) \cong \mathbf{CAlg}_k (R \otimes_k S, T)$$ so $$\mathbf{CAlg}_k ((R / I) \otimes_k (S / J), T) \cong \{ h \in \mathbf{CAlg}_k (R \otimes_k S, T) : h (I S) = 0, h (R J) = 0 \}$$ but $I S = I^e$ and $R J = J^e$, and we have $h (I^e) = 0$ and $h (J^e) = 0$ if and only if $h (I^e + J^e) = 0$. Hence, $$\mathbf{CAlg}_k ((R / I) \otimes_k (S / J), T) \cong \mathbf{CAlg}_k ((R \otimes_k S) / (I^e + J^e), T)$$ as required.