Why won't my ~/.Xmodmap file load on login?

I know it's silly but as a workaround you could just autostart xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap.

Also you could check /etc/gdm/Xsession for the line usermodmap="$HOME/.Xmodmap" and if it isn't there just append it at the end of the file. If you're the only user of the system just put your changes into /etc/X11/Xmodmap.

Late to the party, but this drove me nuts as well ; and, stubborn as I am, giving up was not an option.

Basically this is what I tried, (as my user, or root if necessary)

~/.Xmodmap only
~/.xsession, ~/.xsessionrc
~/.gnomerc
~/.xprofile
~/.xinitrc
/etc/X11/Xsession.d/myscript
/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/ (config files, didn't touch it)

(Actually, adding the xmodmap command to ~/.bashrc worked, but it requires to start a terminal each time after login)

A few years ago(?), xkb was chosen to deal with keys mapping and configuration (interfacing with X), but xmodmap might also request key related changes to X, after xkb did its work during the X session initialization.

The problem is when should these xmodmap settings happen?
It seems those above files are processed too early in the process, and either X was not ready to accept xmodmap changes, or xkb would overwrite them.

^{Note: I added some "tracking" to these files to ensure they were actually running at some time!}

A solution that seems to work

I was not keen to add a .desktop file initially (a simple one line script had to be enough), but that works, so here it is.
The solution comes from How to remap or swap special keyboard keys in Linux? "solution 1"

Basically create ~/.config/autostart/my-xmodmap.desktop file, and put in it:

[Desktop Entry]
Name=MyXmodmap
Exec=/usr/bin/xmodmap /home/me/.Xmodmap
Terminal=false
Type=Application
X-GNOME-Autostart-enabled=true

replace me with your username (note that I didn't bother to try ~/ or $HOME that may work equally well in place of /home/me, and the full path of xmodmap is likely not necessary...), and add the exec bit

chmod +x ~/.config/autostart/my-xmodmap.desktop

The xmodmap commands have to be in a ~/.Xmodmap file in this case (or use the -e option, or choose another file name!). Log out and back in.

Note that you might create the starting program from "Startup Applications".

Another solution would be to forget xmodmap and learn how to configure xkb!

Edit (again)

Sometimes, maybe 25% of the logons, the xmodmap still seems not working - while the command is actually run (a tracker proves that). The only conclusion I might come to at this time is that the xkb process does run late in the logon process, and may end after the xmodmap has run. Looks like a race condition... So, finally, I changed the autostart desktop file exec line to

Exec=$HOME/bin/mystart &

(note the &) mystart is a script in a new directory bin I created that contains

#!/bin/bash    
sleep 5
/usr/bin/xmodmap /home/me/.Xmodmap &
date >> /tmp/xmodmap-has-run

and

chmod u+x ~/bin/mystart

The script sleeps 5 seconds before to run xmodmap, and tracks when it did run (in the file /tmp/xmodmap-has-run).

Hopefully that will be all!

Here is, perhaps a better answer then: http://cweiske.de/howto/xmodmap/ar01s06.html

You may have to tweak it a little bit to work for you but the instructions are all there.

Perhaps you have a syntax error in your ~/.Xmodmap file?

Try running:

$ xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap

That should fire an error if there are any.

Unfortunately, this looks like a (very) long standing issue, and it is just because after Gnome 3.6, xmodmap support was dropped.

This is discussed in Remap keys on GNOME3.8 using xmodmap? and Bug 873656 - .Xmodmap file not loaded by Gnome 3.x .

The solution is to move to xkb. There is a bit of help from comment 29 in the second link.

Why won't my ~/.Xmodmap file load on login?

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