How can I delete decimal points from a 'double' type to later be displayed as a currency?

I cannot use setprecision(2) here because I am not writing out the transaction to the console yet.

Yes you can use it. Just use std::ostringstream:

std::string Transaction::toString() {
    std::ostringstream fullString;
    fullstring << "-- " << desc << ": -\x9c" << std::setprecision(2) << value << " on " << timestamp;
    return fullString.str();
}

If you use C++20 or later you can use std::format