How can I pass a dict to urlpatterns in Django

You typically encode the data in the URL, for example with:

path('edit_page/<str:article>/', views.edit_article, name='edit_page'),

then you define the view as:

def edit_article(request, article):
    # …

then the view will be called with the article part of the URL path.

In the template you can then "calculate" the URL with:

<a href="{% url 'edit_page' article='article_test' %}">Edit</a>