How to update a dynamic field name in Firebase Firestore?

You were very close, in order to compute the field name, wrap it in square brackets:

await firestore()
      .collection('Users')
      .doc('ABC')
      .update({
        [this.state.documentName]: url,
      });

The update() method also accepts arguments in key-value pairs:

await firestore()
      .collection('Users')
      .doc('ABC')
      .update(this.state.documentName, url);

Note: You should make sure to employ appropriate security rules to prevent a user from promoting themselves to an admin if that information is also contained in their user document.