Can a use case be called in data layer in context of Clean Architecture?

Short Answer - No, in a CLEAN architecture the data layer should not be calling through to a use case as it would be breaking the separation of concerns. Data layer should only be concerned with data, not business logic which lives in a use case.

Long Answer

One main reason for implementing a CLEAN architecture is for implementing separation of concerns, meaning each layer addresses a specific concern in your app. Expanding on the photo in domain layer Android documentation, an app architecture might look like the picture below.

Where the domain layer would contain all of the business logic for presentation and use cases which can communicate with different sources in the data layer.

The data layer exists to serve as an abstraction over where data is coming from and that should be its only responsibility. Most apps data layers are fetching data from the network and then caching that data in a local database. So to best separate the concerns, a use case should only be concerned about interacting with different sources from the data layer and any business logic.