yocto image with boost 1.77: libboost_atomic.so is not on image, but is in sdk
I found the problem: for the SDK, I use a cmake toolchain file, and so that file did not contain a linker option that yocto uses: -Wl,--as-needed
So using that option, the linker is not linking to libboost_atomic.so anymore and I can run my sdk-compiled version on the image!