Reference for proper handling of PID file on Unix

Where can I find a well-respected reference that details the proper handling of PID files on Unix?

On Unix operating systems, it is common practice to “lock” a program (often a daemon) by use of a special lock file: the PID file.

This is a file in a predictable location, often ‘/var/run/foo.pid’. The program is supposed to check when it starts up whether the PID file exists and, if the file does exist, exit with an error. So it's a kind of advisory, collaborative locking mechanism.

The file contains a single line of text, being the numeric process ID (hence the name “PID file”) of the process that currently holds the lock; this allows an easy way to automate sending a signal to the process that holds the lock.

What I can't find is a good reference on expected or “best practice” behaviour for handling PID files. There are various nuances: how to actually lock the file (don't bother? use the kernel? what about platform incompatibilities?), handling stale locks (silently delete them? when to check?), when exactly to acquire and release the lock, and so forth.

Where can I find a respected, most-authoritative reference (ideally on the level of W. Richard Stevens) for this small topic?

Solution 1:

First off, on all modern UNIXes /var/run does not persist across reboots.

The general method of handling the PID file is to create it during initialization and delete it from any exit, either normal or signal handler.

There are two canonical ways to atomically create/check for the file. The main one these days is to open it with the O_EXCL flag: if the file already exists, the call fails. The old way (mandatory on systems without O_EXCL) is to create it with a random name and link to it. The link will fail if the target exists.

Solution 2:

As far as I know, PID files are a convention rather than something that you can find a respected, mostly authoritative source for. The closest I could find is this section of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

This Perl library might be helpful, since it looks like the author has at least given thought to some issues than can arise.

I believe that files under /var/run are often handled by the distro maintainers rather than daemons' authors, since it's the distro maintainers' responsibility to make sure that all of the init scripts play nice together. I checked Debian's and Fedora's developer documentation and couldn't find any detailed guidelines, but you might be able to get more info on their developers' mailing lists.