DFSR-related WMI info is missing
Solution 1:
Problem solved. DFSR was in fact not healthy. It was not a WMI problem. The server had experienced a dirty shutdown, and DFSR stopped replicating because of it.
Restarting replication on the affected volume with
wmic /namespace:\\root\microsoftdfs path dfsrVolumeConfig where volumeGuid="DC8EEE19-97E2-4E26-8AAD-CF1235B8DCCC" call ResumeReplication
Resolved the issue.
Then I turned auto recovery back on by editing the registry:
HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\DFSR\Parameters\
StopReplicationOnAutoRecovery = 0
So that this wouldn't happen again in the future.
I'm really embarrassed for not checking the logs more thoroughly in the first place.