Find the last two digits of $3^{45}$
I was wondering if there is a simpler way to find the last to digits of a power such as $3^{45}$. I reduced it modulo 100 to get the answer, which is 43. But I was curious if there was a simpler, or more eloquent way to get this result.
Here's my method:
Using the fact that $3^4=81\equiv -19 \pmod{100}$ and $19^5=2,476,099\equiv -1 \pmod{100}$
$$ 3^{45}\equiv 3(3^4)^{11}\equiv 3(-19)^{11}\equiv 3(-19)(19^5)^2\equiv 3(-19)(-1)^2 \equiv -57 \equiv 43 \pmod {100} $$
I just felt like this was sort of a messy way to find out that the last two digits are 43.
Essentially, we need to find $\displaystyle 3^{45}\pmod{100}$
Method $\#1:$
Now, $$3^{45}=3\cdot3^{44}=3(3^2)^{22}=3(10-1)^{22}=3(1-10)^{22}$$
Now, $$(1-10)^{22}\equiv1-10\cdot22\pmod{100}\equiv-19\equiv81$$
Method $\#2:$
As $(3,10)=1$
using Euler's Totient Theorem, $\displaystyle \phi(100)=40\implies 3^{40}\equiv1\pmod{100}$
or using Carmichael Function, $\displaystyle \lambda(100)=20\implies 3^{20}\equiv1\pmod{100}$
In either case, $\displaystyle3^{45}\equiv3^5\pmod{100}$
A simple method: If you write down the first 24 powers of 3, keeping just the last 2 digits, you get
1 3 9 27
81 43 29 87
61 83 49 47
41 23 69 7
21 63 89 67
1 3 9 27
After a few powers you realize that you only need the last 2 digits of some power of 3 to get the last 2 digits of the next power.
There is a clear pattern that it cycles every 20th power (note that the last digit cycles every 4th power: 1-3-9-7...). Therefore the last two digits of $3^{45}$ are the same as for $3^{25}$ and for $3^5=243$, i.e. 43.