Are there any infinites not from a powerset of the natural numbers?

Some (valid) points.

1. $\aleph_{n+1}$ is NOT defined as $2^{\aleph_n}$. $\aleph_{n+1}$ is the least cardinality of an ordinal which is strictly larger than $\aleph_n$.

2. The continuum hypothesis, if so, is formulated as the assumption $2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_1$. If it is false, then there is an intermediate set of cardinality $\aleph_1$ (assuming the axiom of choice, anyway). It was shown that given any cardinal, the continuum is consistently larger. So we can't even decide using the usual axioms of set theory, how many cardinals are between the real numbers and the natural numbers.

3. We can prove, however, that some $\aleph$ numbers cannot be equal to the cardinality of the continuum. For example the first cardinal which is larger than infinitely many [infinite] cardinals, denoted by $\aleph_\omega$, cannot be the cardinality of the continuum.

4. There is, however, another hierarchy, of $\beth$ [read: Beth] numbers ($\aleph$ is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, and $\beth$ is the second letter). It is defined as $\beth_0=\aleph_0$ and $\beth_{\alpha+1}=2^{\beth_\alpha}$ (I'm omitting the limit stages, for now).

   In terms of $\beth$ numbers we can in fact prove that $2^{\aleph_0}=\beth_1$, and the continuum hypothesis can now be stated as $\aleph_1=\beth_1$.

5. Now your question can be rewritten as either of two questions. If we change the occurrences of $\aleph$ to $\beth$, then every $\beth$ number is defined as a power set of the previous one (and I am omitting the limit case, again); and so the answer is "no, there isn't any", or we can what are the $\aleph$ numbers which are smaller than $\beth_1$, but as I pointed out, we can show that this is consistently any possible value $0$.