List all filetype plugins known to Vim
If you need those for a custom command that takes filetype arguments, you can just use :command -complete=filetype. Else, you can derive the list via the globpath() function yourself:
echo join(map(split(globpath(&rtp, 'ftplugin/*.vim'), '\n'), 'fnamemodify(v:val, ":t:r")'), "\n")
This gets all ftplugin scripts from the runtimepath, and then modifies the filespec via fnamemodify() to only list the root of the filename. split() converts into a List, and join() back to lines for :echoing.