What is the most recommended way to store time in PostgreSQL using Java?

Any strategy for storing date-and-time data in PostgreSQL should, IMO, rely on these two points:

• Your solution should never depend on the server or client timezone setting.
• Currently, PostgreSQL (as most databases) doesn't have a datatype to store a full date-and-time with timezone. So, you need to decide between an Instant or a LocalDateTime datatype.

My recipe follows.

If you want to record the physical instant at when a particular event ocurred, (a true "timestamp" , typically some creation/modification/deletion event), then use:

• Java: Instant (Java 8 , or Jodatime).
• JDBC: java.sql.Timestamp
• PostgreSQL: TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE (TIMESTAMPTZ)

(Don't let PostgreSQL peculiar datatypes WITH TIMEZONE/WITHOUT TIMEZONE confuse you: none of them actually stores a timezone)

Some boilerplate code: the following assumes that ps is a PreparedStatement, rs a ResultSet and tzUTC is a static Calendar object corresponding to UTC timezone.

public static final Calendar tzUTC = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));  

Write Instant to database TIMESTAMPTZ:

Instant instant = ...;
Timestamp ts = instant != null ? Timestamp.from(instant) : null;
ps.setTimestamp(col, ts, tzUTC);   // column is TIMESTAMPTZ!

Read Instant from database TIMESTAMPTZ:

Timestamp ts = rs.getTimestamp(col,tzUTC); // column is TIMESTAMPTZ
Instant inst = ts !=null ? ts.toInstant() : null;

This works safely if your PG type is TIMESTAMPTZ (In that case, the calendarUTC has no effect in that code ; but it's always advisable to not depend on defaults timezones). "Safely" means that the result will not depend on server or database timezone, or timezones information: the operation is fully reversible, and whatever happens to timezones settings, you'll always get the same "instant of time" you originally had on the Java side.

If, instead of a timestamp (an instant on the physical timeline), you are dealing with a "civil" local date-time (that is, the set of fields {year-month-day hour:min:sec(:msecs)}), you'd use:

• Java: LocalDateTime (Java 8 , or Jodatime).
• JDBC: java.sql.Timestamp
• PostgreSQL: TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE (TIMESTAMP)

Read LocalDateTime from database TIMESTAMP:

Timestamp ts = rs.getTimestamp(col, tzUTC); //
LocalDateTime localDt = null;
if( ts != null ) 
    localDt =  LocalDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(ts.getTime()), ZoneOffset.UTC);

Write LocalDateTime to database TIMESTAMP:

  Timestamp ts = null;
  if( localDt != null)    
      ts = new Timestamp(localDt.toInstant(ZoneOffset.UTC).toEpochMilli()), tzUTC);
  ps.setTimestamp(colNum,ts, tzUTC); 

Again, this strategy is safe and you can sleep peacefully: if you stored 2011-10-30 23:59:30 , you'll retrieve those precise fields (hour=23, minute=59... etc) always, no matter what - even if tomorrow the timezone of your Postgresql server (or client) changes, or your JVM or your OS timezone, or if your country modifies its DST rules, etc.

Added: If you want (it seems a natural requirement) to store the full datetime specification (a ZonedDatetime: the timestamp together with the timezone, which implicitly also includes the full civil datetime info - plus the timezone)... then I have bad news for you: PostgreSQL hasn't a datatype for this (neither other databases, to my knowledge). You must devise your own storage, perhaps in a pair of fields: could be the two above types (highly redundant, though efficient for retrieval and calculation), or one of them plus the time offset (you lose the timezone info, some calculations become difficult, and some impossible), or one of them plus the timezone (as string; some calculations can be extremely costly).

java.time

It's not pretty but this is what worked for me with a ZonedDateTime instance using the new java.time framework in Java 8 and later (Tutorial):

ZonedDateTime receivedTimestamp = some_ts_value;
Timestamp ts = new Timestamp(receivedTimestamp.toInstant().toEpochMilli());
ps.setTimestamp(
   1, 
   ts, 
   Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone(receivedTimestamp.getZone()))
);