Solution 1:

As it appears that you can't ping your own computer, the problem seems to be purely software, as the loopback interface is not passing through your network card. Either Windows has a corrupted TCP/IP stack or configuration for some reason, or something is preventing TCP/IP from correctly working (this can be a legitimate software, like an anti-virus, that for some reason is not working as it should, or it can be a malware that has severe side-effects).

You can perhaps try to reinitialize your TCP/IP stack as shown here. If still not successful, you might have to reinstall Windows.