How can I list all tags in my Git repository by the date they were created?

Sorting by tag creation date works with annotated and lightweight tags:

git for-each-ref --sort=creatordate --format '%(refname) %(creatordate)' refs/tags

Git 2.8 (March 2016) documents another option dating back to git 1.4.4 (Oct2006).
See commit e914ef0 (05 Jan 2016) by Eric Wong (ele828).
^{(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 108cb77, 20 Jan 2016)}

See the new Documentation/git-for-each-ref.txt

For commit and tag objects, the special creatordate and creator fields will correspond to the appropriate date or name-email-date tuple from the committer or tagger fields depending on the object type.
These are intended for working on a mix of annotated and lightweight tags.

So using creatordate works with tags:

git for-each-ref --format='%(*creatordate:raw)%(creatordate:raw) %(refname) %(*objectname) %(objectname)' refs/tags | \
sort -n | awk '{ print $4, $3; }' 

Or:

git tag --sort=-creatordate 

As I detail in "How to sort git tags by version string order of form rc-X.Y.Z.W?", you can add a sort order to git tag (since Git 2.0 June 2014).

That sort order includes as field name (listed in git for-each-ref) taggerdate. That allows for git tag --sort=taggerdate (mentioned by DarVar below)
As an example, in the git/git repo it will list the v2.10.0 tag last:

v2.9.1
v2.9.2
v2.9.3
v2.10.0-rc0
v2.10.0-rc1
v2.10.0-rc2
v2.10.0

The default order would not (git tag):

v2.1.2
v2.1.3
v2.1.4
v2.10.0
v2.10.0-rc0
v2.10.0-rc1
v2.10.0-rc2
v2.2.0

git log --tags --simplify-by-decoration --pretty="format:%ci %d"

Also nice output from (without date field):

git log --tags --decorate --simplify-by-decoration --oneline

To see full history with dependencies and striped linear commits (only essential events, like tagging and branching/merging):

git log --graph --decorate --simplify-by-decoration --oneline --all

This one-liner displays dates & tags:

git tag --format='%(creatordate:short)%09%(refname:strip=2)'

Output:

2015-09-27      v0.1.0
2019-10-22      v0.10.0
2020-07-08      v0.12.0
2015-11-18      v0.2.0
2020-12-08      v1.0.0

Tags are sorted in lexicographic order by default. If you prefer to sort by date:

git tag --format='%(creatordate:short)%09%(refname:strip=2)' --sort=creatordate

Output:

2015-09-27      v0.1.0
2015-11-18      v0.2.0
2019-10-22      v0.10.0
2020-07-08      v0.12.0
2020-12-08      v1.0.0

See VonC answer for more details.