Linux RAID 5 Redundancy

No, you're not safe.

The idea with RAID 5 is to have N+1 disks (providing total storage equivalent to N disks), with enough redundancy to recover if one disk fails. (The parity is actually distributed over all the disks with RAID 5.)

However, by partitioning each of your 3 physical disks into 2 partitions, you've set up 5+1 500 GB partitions (providing 5*500 GB space), with protection if one partition fails. However if one drive fails completely, you will lose the two partitions that are on it, and you don't have enough redundancy to recover from that.

The usual trick with RAID 5 is to leave your physical devices unpartitioned (or with only one partition each), create the RAID array, and then partition the resulting device if necessary.

Even if you add another 500 GB partition, you still won't be safe if you still use RAID 5, because the extra partition won't add more redundancy, only more capacity. You would have to switch to something like RAID 6, which provides protection against losing two drives.

It is totally nonsense to use two partitions (located on one physical device) in a RAID-array.

My hint:
repartition your drives to one big partition and create a RAID-5 on them (gives you 2TB storage). Add a hot-standby-disc.

Or use RAID-6 (and use four discs).