CSS-targeting the white page that Chrome displays for a split-second while loading
Solution 1:
To answer the question at hand, I don't think it is possible to target the page (or this state of a page) through CSS alone.
I created a quick Chrome extension to make every page background black until the page is loaded.
You can find it on GitHub and the Chrome Web Store.
Please note that I only wrote this for this specific question and have not done extensive testing. I already noticed an issue on Google Searches. I use Google Instant and it seems like the It should work pretty reliably in version 0.2 now.window.onload
event the extension relies on is never fired.
Feel free to report bugs on GitHub, I'm likely to fix them.