What is the difference between assign() and <<- in R?

Solution 1:

Thomas Lumley answers this in a superb post on r-help the other day. <<- is about the enclosing environment so you can do thing like this (and again, I quote his post from April 22 in this thread):

make.accumulator<-function(){
    a <- 0
    function(x) {
        a <<- a + x
        a
    }
}

> f<-make.accumulator()
> f(1)
[1] 1
> f(1)
[1] 2
> f(11)
[1] 13
> f(11)
[1] 24

This is a legitimate use of <<- as "super-assignment" with lexical scope. And not simply to assign in the global environment. For that, Thomas has these choice words:

The Evil and Wrong use is to modify variables in the global environment.

Very good advice.

Solution 2:

According to the manual page here,

The operators <<- and ->> cause a search to made through the environment for an existing definition of the variable being assigned.

I've never had to do this in practice, but to my mind, assign wins a lot of points for specifying the environment exactly, without even having to think about R's scoping rules. The <<- performs a search through environments and is therefore a little bit harder to interpret.

EDIT: In deference to @Dirk and @Hadley, it sounds like assign is the appropriate way to actually assign to the global environment (when that's what you know you want), while <<- is the appropriate way to "bump up" to a broader scope.