word for far reaching consequences of a sociological phenomenon
Are you looking for profound?
Defined by Cambridge dictionary as:
felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way
In your case, poverty can have a profound effect on one's life expectancy, ability to access healthcare, social status, etc...
Maybe you’re looking for fallout — the adverse side effects or results of a situation.
Here’s a usage example:
Indigenous impoverished women not only suffer the fallout of poverty but face racism and gender-based violence.
Source: The Borgen Project — Homelessness in Guatemala: An Update