Why do I need to await an async function when it is not supposedly returning a Promise?

Solution 1:

All async functions return a promise. All of them.

That promise will eventually resolve with whatever value you return from the async function.

await only blocks execution internal to the async function. It does not block anything outside of the function. Conceptually, an async function starts to execute and as soon as it hits an await instruction, it immediately returns an unfulfilled promise from the function and the outside execution world gets that promise and continues to execute.

Sometime later, the internal promise that was being awaited will resolve and then the execution of the rest of the internals of the function will continue. Eventually the internals of the function will finish and return a value. That will trigger resolving the promise that was returned from the function with that return value.

FYI, there's a lot of superfluous stuff in your load() function. You can change it from this:

async function load() {
  const data = await new Promise(resolve => {
    setTimeout(() => resolve([1, 2, 3]), 10);
  }).then(data => data.map(i => i * 10));
  console.log(`Data inside the function: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`);
  return data;
}

to this:

function load() {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
        setTimeout(() => resolve([1, 2, 3]), 10);
    }).then(data => data.map(i => i * 10));
}

Then, use it like this:

load().then(result => {
    console.log(result);
});

Or, I prefer to encapsulate the manual creation of promise in their own function like this:

function delay(t, v) {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
        setTimeout(resolve.bind(null, v), t);
    });
}

function load() {
    return delay(10, [1, 2, 3]).then(data => data.map(i => i * 10));
}

And, it turns out this little delay() function is generally useful in lots of places where you want to delay a promise chain.

Thanks to everyone participating and providing me with insight. But I'm still confused how should I be using await and async.

First off, most of the time you only mark a function async if you need to use await inside the function.

Second, you most commonly use await (from within an async function) when you have multiple asynchronous operations and you want to sequence them - often because the first one provides a result that is used as input to the second. You can use await when all you have is a single asynchronous operation, but it doesn't really offer much of an advantage over a simple .then().

Here are a few examples of good reasons to use async/await:

Sequencing multiple asynchronous operations

Imagine you have getFromDatabase(), getTheUrl() and getTheContent() that are all asynchronous. If any fails, you would want to just reject the returned promise with the first error.

Here's how this looks without async/await:

function run() {
    return getFromDatabase(someArg).then(key => {
        return getTheURL(key);
    }).then(url => {
        return getTheContent(url);
    }).then(content => {
         // some final processing
         return finalValue;
    });
}

Here's how this looks with async/await:

async function run(someArg) {
    let key = await getFromDatabase(someArg);
    let url = await getTheURL(key);
    let content = await getTheContent(url);
    // some final processing
    return finalValue;        
}

In both cases, the function returns a promise that resolves with the finalValue so these two implementations are used the same by the caller:

run(someArg).then(finalValue => {
    console.log(finalValue);
}).catch(err => {
    console.log(err);
});

But, you will notice that the async/await implementation has more of a serialized, synchronous look to it and looks more like non-asynchronous code. Many find this easier to write, easier to read and easier to maintain. The more processing you have between steps, including branching, the more advantages accrue to the async/await version.

Automatically catching both rejected promises and synchronous exceptions

As I said earlier, async functions always return a promise. They also have to built-in error handling that automatically propagates errors back to that returned promise.

It goes without saying that if you manually return a promise from the async function and that promise rejects, then the promise returned from the async function will reject.

But also, if you are using await and any promise you are awaiting rejects and you don't have a .catch() on the promise and don't have a try/catch around it, then the promise the function returns will automatically reject. So, back in our previous example of this:

async function run(someArg) {
    let key = await getFromDatabase(someArg);
    let url = await getTheURL(key);
    let content = await getTheContent(url);
    // some final processing
    return finalValue;        
}

If any of the three promises that are being awaited reject, then the function will short circuit (stop executing any more code in the function) and reject the async returned promise. So, you get this form of error handling for free.

Then lastly, an async function also catches synchronous exceptions for you and turns them into a rejected promise.

In a normal function that returns a promise such as we had earlier:

function run() {
    return getFromDatabase(someArg).then(key => {
        return getTheURL(key);
    }).then(url => {
        return getTheContent(url);
    }).then(content => {
         // some final processing
         return finalValue;
    });
}

If getFromDatabase() throws a synchronous exception (perhaps triggered because someArg is invalid), then this overall function run() will throw synchronously. That means that for the caller to catch all possible errors from run(), they have to both surround it with a try/catch to catch the synchronous exceptions and use a .catch() to catch the rejected promise:

try {
    run(someArg).then(finalValue => {
        console.log(finalValue);
    }).catch(err => {
        console.log(err);
    });
} catch(e) {
    console.log(err);
}

This is messy and a bit repetitive. But, when run() is declared async, then it will NEVER throw synchronously because any synchronous exception is automatically converted to a rejected promise so you can be sure you are capturing all possible errors when it's written this way:

async function run(someArg) {
    let key = await getFromDatabase(someArg);
    let url = await getTheURL(key);
    let content = await getTheContent(url);
    // some final processing
    return finalValue;        
}

// will catch all possible errors from run()
run(someArg).then(finalValue => {
    console.log(finalValue);
}).catch(err => {
    console.log(err);
});

Should I always call all of my function with an await?

First, you would only ever use await with a function that returns a promise as await offers no usefulness if the function does not return a promise (just adding to the clutter of your code if not needed).

Second, whether you use await or not depends upon the context of both the calling function (since you HAVE to be in an async function to use await and on the flow of logic and whether it benefits from using await or not.

Places where it's pointless to use await

async function getKey(someArg) {
    let key = await getFromDatabase(someArg);
    return key;
}

The await here isn't doing anything useful. You're not sequencing multiple async operations and you're not doing any processing on the return value. You can accomplish the exact same code by just returning the promise directly:

async function getKey(someArg) {
    return getFromDatabase(someArg);
}

And, if you know that getFromDatabase() never throws synchronously, you can even remove the async from the declaration:

function getKey(someArg) {
    return getFromDatabase(someArg);
}

Let's say I'm writing a code composed of multiple functions within multiple files. If I end up using a library which returns a Promise or it's an async function, should I trace back all my function calls from the asynchronous point to the entry point of the application and add an await before all the function calls after making them async?

This is a bit too general of an ask that's hard to answer in a general case. Here are some thoughts along this general direction:

1. Once any part of your result that you're trying to return from your function A() is asynchronous or uses any asynchronous operation to obtain, the function itself is asynchronous. In plain Javascript, you can never return an asynchronous result synchronously so your function must use an asynchronous method to return the result (promise, callback, event, etc...).

2. Any function B() that calls your asynchronous function A() that is also trying to return a result based on what it gets from A() is now also asynchronous and also must communicate its result back using an asynchronous mechanism. This is true for a function C() that calls B() and needs to communicate back its result to the caller. So, you can say that asynchronous behavior is infectious. Until you reach some point in the call chain where you no longer need to communicate back a result, everything has to use asynchronous mechanisms to communicate the result, error and completion.

3. There's no specific need to mark a function async unless you specifically need one of the benefits of an async function such as the ability to use await inside that function or the automatic error handling it provides. You can write functions that returning promises just fine without using async on the function declaration. So, "NO" I don't go back up the call chain making everything async. I only make a function async if there's a specific reason to do so. Usually that reason is that I want to use await inside the function, but there is also the automatic catching of synchronous exceptions that get turned into promise rejections that I described earlier. You would not generally need that with well behaved code, but it is sometimes useful with poorly behaved code orcode with an undefined behavior.

4. await is also only used when there's a specific reason for it. I don't just automatically use it on every function that returns a promise. I've described above reasons to use it. One can still use .then() just fine for processing the result from a single function call that returns a promise. In some cases, it's just a matter of personal style whether you want to use .then() or await and there is no particular reason it has to be one one way or the other.

Or maybe I should just get into the habit of calling all my functions with an await regardless of whether they are async or not?

Absolutely NOT! First off, the last thing you want to do is to take perfectly synchronous code and unnecessarily make it asynchronous or even make it look asynchronous. Asynchronous code (even with async and await) is more complicated to write, debug, understand and maintain than synchronous code so you would never want to unnecessarily make synchronous code into asynchronous code by adding async/await into it:

For example, you would never do this:

async function random(min, max) {
    let r = await Math.random();
    return Math.floor((r * (max - min)) + min);
}

First off, this is a perfectly synchronous operation that can be coded like this:

function random(min, max) {
    let r = Math.random();
    return Math.floor((r * (max - min)) + min);
}

Second off, that first async implementation has made the function a lot hard to use as it now has an asynchronous result:

 random(1,10).then(r => {
     console.log(r);
 });

Instead of just the simple synchronous use:

 console.log(random(1,10));

Solution 2:

async/await are just the syntactic sugar, which means, they don't bring any new functionality to the language, being just useful wrappers for promises.

If a function is marked as async, it always returns a promise:

> async function f() { return 42; }
undefined
> f()
Promise { 42 }

Also, if a function is async, you can await for any promise (including the result of another async function) inside it and the execution of the function code will pause at await until that promise is resolved or rejected.

To answer your question: if you use a library function, you normally know if it returns a promise or not (and if it's marked as async, it surely does). So, make sure to await for it or use .then with the returned promise.

Solution 3:

Because the first function is asynchronous - so it's running while the rest of the main function executes, which isn't helpful when the result is being logged in the next line. You have to wait for the function to finish executing before you can use the result - so either use async/await as in your example:

async function main() {
  const data = await load();
  console.log(`Loaded data: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`);
}

Or use .then:

function main() {
  load().then(data => {
    console.log(`Loaded data: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`);
  });
}

The hint here is: if the function is async, you have to use it asynchronously, because it always returns a Promise.