How to install Ubuntu and boot on Toshiba Satellite?

Downloaded and burned ubuntu-14.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso. Checked md5 of iso and md5 of burned DVD.

Installed 14.04.1 LTS on a new Toshiba Satellite laptop. Replaced the existing Windows 8 install. The installation worked fine, but when I restarted it will not boot:

Reboot and select proper Boot device
or Insert Boot Media in selected Boot device and press a key

Turned off Secure Boot. Tried turning off UEFI Boot (CSM), but only got a blank screen with a flashing cursor, and Boot Repair did not work unless in UEFI mode.

Set the boot order to first hard drive, then DVD-ROM.

Ran Boot Repair several times, and changed the partitions around. Tried to create EFI partition, but Boot Repair kept complaining it was missing.

Finally deleted all partitions and reinstalled OS for 2nd time. Same symptom.

Changed the partitions to create bios_grub:

sda1 unknown   2 MB    bios_grub
sda4 fat32   510 MB    boot
sda2 ext4    461 GB    ----
sda3 swap      3 GB    ----

Used Boot Repair: Boot Repair pastebin

Followed several guides, but they all seem to show how to do a dual boot. This computer is not dual boot. Only Ubuntu.

2 Questions:

1. How does the BIOS (UEFI) know which partition to boot? There are no options in the Toshiba BIOS startup utility.
2. Why doesn't it boot? How to fix?

I own a Toshiba Satellite C50-B-14Z and did install Ubuntu Mate 14.04.1 LTS and works "Out Of The Box" except for screen dimming, but that's all talking about malfunction.

I've put an Samsung SSD 840 Evo in the machine to make ik much meaner (...).

After installing in UEFI mode I got the same "problems" but after turning CSM on/UEFI off and re-install Ubuntu (sorry, you háve to re-install...) it works flawlessly.

Erik

1. UEFI settings for the Toshiba just allow you to set the device (HDD ). In UEFI, the partition marked with the boot flag is the location of the bootloaders. Then with a tool like efibootmgr, you can set the paths to bootloaders and their bootorder.
2. It doesn't boot in UEFI mode because you have no bootloaders in the EFI partition.

Apparently you have switched to compatibility mode, putting a grub into the MBR, so that should work, but I have no experience with CSM on new machines. Some reading: help.ubuntu.com/community/UEFI

installing-ubuntu-on-a-pre-installed-windows