Is IDependencyResolver an anti-pattern?
If you look at the signature you will see that it's just a Service Locator with another name. Service Locator is an anti-pattern and I consider the relationship transitive, so I consider IDependencyResolver an anti-pattern.
Apart from that, the interface is also broken because it has no Release method.
I don't believe so... You can inject any IoC you want into ASP.NET MVC, which seems like a pretty good pattern to me.
Here's a blog post about injecting Unity into ASP.NET MVC 3.