To fix, cancel all subscriptions and asynchronous tasks in a useEffect cleanup function

I have this code

import ReactDOM from "react-dom";
import React, { useState, useEffect } from "react";
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Link } from "react-router-dom";

function ParamsExample() {
  return (
    <Router>
      <div>
        <h2>Accounts</h2>
        <Link to="/">Netflix</Link>
        <Route path="/" component={Miliko} />
      </div>
    </Router>
  );
}

const Miliko = ({ match }) => {
  const [data, setData] = useState([]);
  const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false);
  const [isError, setIsError] = useState(false);

  useEffect(() => {
    (async function() {
      setIsError(false);
      setIsLoading(true);
      try {
        const Res = await fetch("https://foo0022.firebaseio.com/New.json");
        const ResObj = await Res.json();
        const ResArr = await Object.values(ResObj).flat();
        setData(ResArr);
      } catch (error) {
        setIsError(true);
      }
      setIsLoading(false);
    })();
    console.log(data);
  }, [match]);
  return <div>{`${isLoading}${isError}`}</div>;
};

function App() {
  return (
    <div className="App">
      <ParamsExample />
    </div>
  );
}

const rootElement = document.getElementById("root");
ReactDOM.render(<App />, rootElement);

I created three links that open the Miliko component. but when I quickly click on the links I get this error:

To fix, cancel all subscriptions and asynchronous tasks in a useEffect cleanup function.

Solution 1:

I think the problem is caused by dismount before async call finished.

const useAsync = () => {
  const [data, setData] = useState(null)
  const mountedRef = useRef(true)

  const execute = useCallback(() => {
    setLoading(true)
    return asyncFunc()
      .then(res => {
        if (!mountedRef.current) return null
        setData(res)
        return res
      })
  }, [])

  useEffect(() => {
    return () => { 
      mountedRef.current = false
    }
  }, [])
}

mountedRef is used here to indicate if the component is still mounted. And if so, continue the async call to update component state, otherwise, skip them.

This should be the main reason to not end up with a memory leak (access cleanedup memory) issue.

Demo

https://codepen.io/windmaomao/pen/jOLaOxO , fetch with useAsync https://codepen.io/windmaomao/pen/GRvOgoa , manual fetch with useAsync

Update

The above answer leads to the following component that we use inside our team.

/**
 * A hook to fetch async data.
 * @class useAsync
 * @borrows useAsyncObject
 * @param {object} _                props
 * @param {async} _.asyncFunc         Promise like async function
 * @param {bool} _.immediate=false    Invoke the function immediately
 * @param {object} _.funcParams       Function initial parameters
 * @param {object} _.initialData      Initial data
 * @returns {useAsyncObject}        Async object
 * @example
 *   const { execute, loading, data, error } = useAync({
 *    asyncFunc: async () => { return 'data' },
 *    immediate: false,
 *    funcParams: { data: '1' },
 *    initialData: 'Hello'
 *  })
 */
const useAsync = (props = initialProps) => {
  const {
    asyncFunc, immediate, funcParams, initialData
  } = {
    ...initialProps,
    ...props
  }
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(immediate)
  const [data, setData] = useState(initialData)
  const [error, setError] = useState(null)
  const mountedRef = useRef(true)

  const execute = useCallback(params => {
    setLoading(true)
    return asyncFunc({ ...funcParams, ...params })
      .then(res => {
        if (!mountedRef.current) return null
        setData(res)
        setError(null)
        setLoading(false)
        return res
      })
      .catch(err => {
        if (!mountedRef.current) return null
        setError(err)
        setLoading(false)
        throw err
      })
  }, [asyncFunc, funcParams])

  useEffect(() => {
    if (immediate) {
      execute(funcParams)
    }
    return () => {
      mountedRef.current = false
    }
    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
  }, [])

  return {
    execute,
    loading,
    data,
    error
  }
}

Update 2022

This approach has been adopted in the book https://www.amazon.com/Designing-React-Hooks-Right-Way/dp/1803235950 where this topic has been mentioned in useRef and custom hooks chapters, and more examples are provided there.

Solution 2:

useEffect will try to keep communications with your data-fetching procedure even while the component has unmounted. Since this is an anti-pattern and exposes your application to memory leakage, cancelling the subscription to useEffect optimizes your app.

In the simple implementation example below, you'd use a flag (isSubscribed) to determine when to cancel your subscription. At the end of the effect, you'd make a call to clean up.

export const useUserData = () => {
  const initialState = {
    user: {},
    error: null
  }
  const [state, setState] = useState(initialState);

  useEffect(() => {
    // clean up controller
    let isSubscribed = true;

    // Try to communicate with sever API
    fetch(SERVER_URI)
      .then(response => response.json())
      .then(data => isSubscribed ? setState(prevState => ({
        ...prevState, user: data
      })) : null)
      .catch(error => {
        if (isSubscribed) {
          setState(prevState => ({
            ...prevState,
            error
          }));
        }
      })

    // cancel subscription to useEffect
    return () => (isSubscribed = false)
  }, []);

  return state
}

You can read up more from this blog juliangaramendy

Solution 3:

Without @windmaomao answer, I could spend other hours trying to figure out how to cancel the subscription.

In short, I used two hooks respectively useCallback to memoize function and useEffect to fetch data.

  const fetchSpecificItem = useCallback(async ({ itemId }) => {
    try {
        ... fetch data

      /* 
       Before you setState ensure the component is mounted
       otherwise, return null and don't allow to unmounted component.
      */

      if (!mountedRef.current) return null;

      /*
        if the component is mounted feel free to setState
      */
    } catch (error) {
      ... handle errors
    }
  }, [mountedRef]) // add variable as dependency

I used useEffect to fetch data.

I could not call the function inside effect simply because hooks can not be called inside a function.

   useEffect(() => {
    fetchSpecificItem(input);
    return () => {
      mountedRef.current = false;   // clean up function
    };
  }, [input, fetchSpecificItem]);   // add function as dependency

Thanks, everyone your contribution helped me to learn more about the usage of hooks.

Solution 4:

fetchData is an async function which will return a promise. But you have invoked it without resolving it. If you need to do any cleanup at component unmount, return a function inside the effect that has your cleanup code. Try this :

const Miliko = () => {
  const [data, setData] = useState({ hits: [] });
  const [url, setUrl] = useState('http://hn.algolia.com/api/v1/search?query=redux');
  const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false);
  const [isError, setIsError] = useState(false);

  useEffect(() => {
    (async function() {
      setIsError(false);
      setIsLoading(true);
      try {
        const result = await axios(url);
        setData(result.data);
      } catch (error) {
        setIsError(true);
      }
      setIsLoading(false);
    })();

    return function() {
      /**
       * Add cleanup code here
       */
    };
  }, [url]);

  return [{ data, isLoading, isError }, setUrl];
};

I would suggest reading the official docs where it is clearly explained along with some more configurable parameters.