Oracle "Partition By" Keyword

Can someone please explain what the partition by keyword does and give a simple example of it in action, as well as why one would want to use it? I have a SQL query written by someone else and I'm trying to figure out what it does.

An example of partition by:

SELECT empno, deptno, COUNT(*) 
OVER (PARTITION BY deptno) DEPT_COUNT
FROM emp

The examples I've seen online seem a bit too in-depth.

The PARTITION BY clause sets the range of records that will be used for each "GROUP" within the OVER clause.

In your example SQL, DEPT_COUNT will return the number of employees within that department for every employee record. (It is as if you're de-nomalising the emp table; you still return every record in the emp table.)

emp_no  dept_no  DEPT_COUNT
1       10       3
2       10       3
3       10       3 <- three because there are three "dept_no = 10" records
4       20       2
5       20       2 <- two because there are two "dept_no = 20" records

If there was another column (e.g., state) then you could count how many departments in that State.

It is like getting the results of a GROUP BY (SUM, AVG, etc.) without the aggregating the result set (i.e. removing matching records).

It is useful when you use the LAST OVER or MIN OVER functions to get, for example, the lowest and highest salary in the department and then use that in a calculation against this records salary without a sub select, which is much faster.

Read the linked AskTom article for further details.

The concept is very well explained by the accepted answer, but I find that the more example one sees, the better it sinks in. Here's an incremental example:

1) Boss says "get me number of items we have in stock grouped by brand"

You say: "no problem"

SELECT 
      BRAND
      ,COUNT(ITEM_ID) 
FROM 
      ITEMS
GROUP BY 
      BRAND;

Result:

+--------------+---------------+
|  Brand       |   Count       | 
+--------------+---------------+
| H&M          |     50        |
+--------------+---------------+
| Hugo Boss    |     100       |
+--------------+---------------+
| No brand     |     22        |
+--------------+---------------+

2) The boss says "Now get me a list of all items, with their brand AND number of items that the respective brand has"

You may try:

 SELECT 
      ITEM_NR
      ,BRAND
      ,COUNT(ITEM_ID) 
 FROM 
      ITEMS
 GROUP BY 
      BRAND;

But you get:

ORA-00979: not a GROUP BY expression

This is where the OVER (PARTITION BY BRAND) comes in:

 SELECT 
      ITEM_NR
      ,BRAND
      ,COUNT(ITEM_ID) OVER (PARTITION BY BRAND) 
 FROM 
      ITEMS;

Whic means:

COUNT(ITEM_ID) - get the number of items
OVER - Over the set of rows
(PARTITION BY BRAND) - that have the same brand

And the result is:

+--------------+---------------+----------+
|  Items       |  Brand        | Count()  |
+--------------+---------------+----------+
|  Item 1      |  Hugo Boss    |   100    | 
+--------------+---------------+----------+
|  Item 2      |  Hugo Boss    |   100    | 
+--------------+---------------+----------+
|  Item 3      |  No brand     |   22     | 
+--------------+---------------+----------+
|  Item 4      |  No brand     |   22     | 
+--------------+---------------+----------+
|  Item 5      |  H&M          |   50     | 
+--------------+---------------+----------+

etc...

It is the SQL extension called analytics. The "over" in the select statement tells oracle that the function is a analytical function, not a group by function. The advantage to using analytics is that you can collect sums, counts, and a lot more with just one pass through of the data instead of looping through the data with sub selects or worse, PL/SQL.

It does look confusing at first but this will be second nature quickly. No one explains it better then Tom Kyte. So the link above is great.

Of course, reading the documentation is a must.

EMPNO     DEPTNO DEPT_COUNT

 7839         10          4
 5555         10          4
 7934         10          4
 7782         10          4 --- 4 records in table for dept 10
 7902         20          4
 7566         20          4
 7876         20          4
 7369         20          4 --- 4 records in table for dept 20
 7900         30          6
 7844         30          6
 7654         30          6
 7521         30          6
 7499         30          6
 7698         30          6 --- 6 records in table for dept 30

Here we are getting count for respective deptno. As for deptno 10 we have 4 records in table emp similar results for deptno 20 and 30 also.

the over partition keyword is as if we are partitioning the data by client_id creation a subset of each client id

select client_id, operation_date,
       row_number() count(*) over (partition by client_id order by client_id ) as operationctrbyclient
from client_operations e
order by e.client_id;

this query will return the number of operations done by the client_id

Oracle "Partition By" Keyword

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