Ubuntu 12.04 hangs on reboot ("All processes ended within 1 seconds"); how to debug?

try change in /etc/default/grub following line:

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="reboot=p"

or

reboot=b

or something else according to https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt

then

sudo update-grub