The word 'until': 'fought off the Dutch until 1903' _ does this necessarily imply being conquered in 1903? [closed]

In Bali, local rulers resisted the yoke of Queen Wilhelmina until 1908. Aceh, at the western extremity of the island chain, fought off the Ducth until 1903.

I think the word 'until' can be interpreted both ways, disregarding history? And if it the case, how do I know how to make that word out without first knowing about the precise history? Or is there other rules that follow in the use of "until" so the ambiguity in meaning is obviated?

Yes, logically, 'S did V until T' says nothing about the situation from T onwards.

Pragmatics (a sense of how practised Anglophones actually use the language, sometimes defying logical approaches) informs a reader that a standalone statement

• In Bali, local rulers resisted the yoke of Queen Wilhelmina until 1908.

should be taken as meaning the resistance collapsed and the Dutch Empire was enlarged in 1908. This is the default reading; it would be misleading to use this sentence to mean something different without further information. But with further information, the default sense can be overridden:

• In Bali, local rulers resisted the yoke of Queen Wilhelmina until 1908, when an alliance with the mighty Klingons secured their independence for the foreseeable future.