Is there a term for pejorative parody names of people or places?

Solution 1:

The term dysphemism seems appropriate:

noun

A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one. The opposite of euphemism.

ODO, emphasis mine

Politicians brand themselves to generate pleasant feelings among voters, but these monikers are floated to defame them with a sense of contempt, as the specific meanings of the prefix and root imply:

dys- = bad, ill, difficult
pheme = fame
-ism = noun form of state, quality, action or result

I can also recommend the portmanteau neologism slurbriquet.

Combining slur:

3 chiefly US Make damaging or insulting insinuations or allegations about:

ODO, emphasis mine

and sobriquet:

noun

A person’s nickname:

ODO

Michelle Bachmann's opponents have adopted a convenient slurbriquet: Botchmann to emphasize her bungling attempts to articulate unpopular positions.

Solution 2:

No special name that I know of, no. However, this is the sort of concept that would normally be expressed by a noun compound, and Pejorative Parody Name is a good descriptive choice. If you're thinking about using it, though, you'll still have to give examples to people who've never heard or thought of it before.

Pejorative Parody Name also has the benefit, with increasing familiarity and use, of being recursively shortenable all the way to the TLA PPN (being a TLA is the true mark of acceptance by Norma Loquendi, who also likes OCS a lot), with interesting stop along the abbreviation route for creation of terms like PP Name (which has an interesting sound to it). Etc.

It might well catch on. On the other hand, so might Michelle Bachmann. It's happened before.