Asymptotic estimate for Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma

Solution 1:

For convenience, lets work on the interval $[-\pi,\pi]$. Riemann Lesbegue just says that the Fourier coefficients of $f$ go to zero for an integrable function. If $f$ is in $C^1(\mathbb{T})$ then we have that $\hat{f'}(n)=in\hat{f}(n)$. (Here $\mathbb{T}$ refers to $[-\pi,\pi]$ with the endpoints identified.) Since $f'$ is continuous it will be integrable, so Riemann Lesbegue implies the coefficients are $o(1)$. Consequently the coefficients of $f$ are $o\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)$, and hence $$\int_{-\pi}^\pi f(x)\sin(nx)dx=o\left(\frac{1}{n}\right).$$

For a function $f\in C^k(\mathbb{T})$ we get

$$\int_{-\pi}^\pi f(x)\sin(nx)dx=o\left(\frac{1}{n^k}\right).$$

What if $f\in C^1[-\pi,\pi]$, but $f(-\pi)\neq f(\pi)$?

Since the coefficients of the Sawtooth Function have order $\frac{1}{n}$, we will not have a result as strong as before. (The sawtooth function is $C^{\infty}[-\pi,\pi]$).

We can prove that if $f\in C^1[-\pi,\pi]$, but $f(-\pi)\neq f(\pi)$, then the fourier coefficients will be of order $\frac{1}{n}$.