Proper conjugation of "to wit." [closed]

Solution 1:

A Original past participle, pre-historical times - c. 1400

The original past participle of wit ‘to know, have knowledge’ – needed to form the perfect as required in the question ‘I have known’ – is witen (< early Middle English iwiten < Old English gewiten).

I could not actually retrieve a single quotation of a perfect with witen. The only instances I found have prefixes, such as the adversative prefix at, meaning something like ‘mis-, fore-.’ It derives the meaning ‘make known to the detriment of someone’ > ‘reproach, blame, accuse’ (cf. German ver-weissen). An example is presented in (1).

(1) þe hule hire atwiten hadde // in hwucche stude he sat an gradde,
‘the Owl had reproached her // in which stead she sat and sang’
(The Owl and the Nightingale, lines 935-6, c. 1250)

I did find clear examples of passives though, for instance from a Middle English apocryphal gospel in (2).

(2) þaire wordes ful wide sail witen be
‘their words shall be known full widely’
(Middle English Rhymed Nicodemus, line 223, c. 1340)

There do not seem to be any more clear attestations of witen after c. 1400.


B Reanalysed past participle, c. 1400 - 1900

Speakers tried to regularise the conjugation of wit. In particular, they extended past tense wist to the past participle as well. The Oxford English Dictionary remarks,

“[t]he original conjugation, typically represented by to wit or wete , present I and he wot, thou wost, we, ye, and they wite, past tense wist, past participle witen, presented many apparent anomalies, and various attempts at normalization were made by means of analogical formations.”

The reanalysed past participle of wit thus became wist.

Early Modern English examples of perfects with wist are shown in (3) and (4).

(3) if i hadde wist my letter should haue commen to your graces hands
(Actes and monuments, 1583)


(4) this canius aunswered thus: if i had wist it, thou haddest not wist it
(The works of our ancient, 1687).


C Disappearance of the word, c. 1900 - today

The verb wit and all of its forms, including the past participle, are no longer in common use. The word must be regarded as extinct in standard Present-Day English. Educated speakers may be aware of its earlier existence, and hence use it for stylistic effect, e.g., in archaic, anachronistic, jocular or pastiche settings. The expression ‘to wit’ has remained in use, but speakers are not normally aware of its origin as a verb anymore (see e.g., Hot Licks’s comment above, who suggested its function is purely adverbial). But speakers can do whatever they want with their language, so if some people still use the word, then that's perfectly fine of course...