java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:failed resolution of :Lorg/apache/http/ProtocolVersion

I'm encountering this error when I use Android Studio to build my app. The APK is compiled, but when I attempt to run the app on Android P emulator, it will crash and throw the following error. Please see more details in the attachments:

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError:failed resolution of :Lorg/apache/http/ProtocolVersion

This is my build.grade file. If anybody has a suggestion on what the problem could be, I would appreciate it. Many thanks.

android {

     compileSdkVersion 'android-P'
     buildToolsVersion '28-rc1'
   
    useLibrary 'org.apache.http.legacy'

    //for Lambda
    compileOptions {
        targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
        sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    }

    packagingOptions {

        exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE'
        exclude 'META-INF/NOTICE'
    }
    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "xxx.xxx.xxx"
        minSdkVersion 17
        targetSdkVersion 27
        versionCode xxxx
        versionName "Vx.x.x"

        multiDexEnabled true
     

     //other setting required
        ndk {
            abiFilters 'armeabi', 'armeabi-v7a', 'armeabi-v8a', 'x86', 'x86_64', 'mips', 'mips64'
        }

Solution 1:

Update: This is no longer a bug or a workaround, it is required if your app targets API Level 28 (Android 9.0) or above and uses the Google Maps SDK for Android 16.0.0 or below (or if your app uses the Apache HTTP Legacy library). It is now included in the official docs. The public issue has been closed as intended behavior.

This is a bug on the Google Play Services side, until it's fixed, you should be able to workaround by adding this to your AndroidManifest.xml inside the <application> tag:

<uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false" />

Solution 2:

This link android-9.0-changes-28-->Apache HTTP client deprecation explains reason for adding the following to your AndroidManifest.xml:

<uses-library android:name="org.apache.http.legacy" android:required="false"/>

With Android 6.0, we removed support for the Apache HTTP client. Beginning with Android 9, that library is removed from the bootclasspath and is not available to apps by default.

Solution 3:

Do any of the following:

1- Update the play-services-maps library to the latest version:

com.google.android.gms:play-services-maps:16.1.0

2- Or include the following declaration within the <application> element of AndroidManifest.xml.

<uses-library
      android:name="org.apache.http.legacy"
      android:required="false" />