How can I make it so I can run a specific program, just by typing its name in the console?

This can be crudely accomplished with an alias. You can create a permanent bash alias by adding a single line to your .bashrc file.

In the terminal run nano ~/.bashrc

Add the the following line at the bottom:

alias LightTable='/full/path/opt/LightTable/deploy/LightTable'

notice I added thee full path instead of the . so this will work in any working directory. Close and reopen the terminal or run source ~/.bashrc to reload the bashrc file.

This isn't an elementary question, the best way to do this is to make an alias, Ill use netbeans as an example

Open Terminal Ctrl+Alt+T

nano ~/.bashrc

write this at the bottom of the file:

alias netbeans='/home/john/netbeans-7.0.1/bin/netbeans'

Ctrl + x

Y

Enter

The netbeans word is the command you will use to start the program, you can change it to whatever you need. Inside the quotes is the command you want to run when netbeans alias is called.

In order this command to be active you have to re-open the Terminal