Customize Google Chrome keyboard shortcuts?

If you're on a Mac then you can do this with the Mac System Preferences→Keyboard→Shortcuts. https://apple.stackexchange.com/a/174979/1443

Here are my current settings:

Not entirely the answer for general shortcuts, but still relative and somewhat cumbersome to find, chrome://extensions/shortcuts allows you to customize behaviors from a shortcut. I'm sure you could find/make an extension to reroute / transpose all of the shortcuts you want to use to control chrome as you see fit.

This has been possible for quite some time already, at least on Windows.
There's a new kind of extensions for Chrome called "native extensions" that can customize Chrome shortcuts and other cool things.

AutoControl Shortcut Manager is exactly for this purpose.

There are no restrictions on the shortcuts you can create or customize. You can even disable shortcuts if you assign no action to them.

In the specific case asked in the question, Ctrl+Shift+W for closing "other tabs" looks like this:

Looks like this feature is 'on the way' but not in the main release cycle yet. Found an article that describes the feature being implemented in the development build, #22. Or at least partially to allow some features to be shortcut-ed Ref: http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2012/08/create-keyboard-shortcuts-for-chrome.html

That post mentions an experimental API for more types of actions linked to shortcuts which can be found.. here: http://developer.chrome.com/extensions/experimental.commands.html

Of course that's all in the development stage still.

Edit (2018): This is partially possible with the commands api which has been out for a couple years. http://developer.chrome.com/trunk/apps/commands.html

It's pretty restricted still since you cant replace the ones that are supplied by the browser and im not sure how much is exposed there for things like dev tooling.