What is the correct punctuation when quoting a question in the middle of a larger sentence?

Solution 1:

That is the correct punctuation. The issue comes up in dialogue as well. If a character asks a question, then does something, it would be written like this: "What's for dinner?" John asked as he strode into the kitchen.

The question mark belongs to his question, and the period after 'kitchen' ends the entire sentence. The only clue (in your case) that the sentence isn't over, is that not only is the next character lower case, but also the clause hasn't even started yet. The intro phrase "In many cultures," is incomplete.