How to implement virtual methods in Python?

I know virtual methods from PHP or Java.

How can they be implemented in Python?

Or have I to define an empty method in an abstract class and override it?

Solution 1:

Sure, and you don't even have to define a method in the base class. In Python methods are better than virtual - they're completely dynamic, as the typing in Python is duck typing.

class Dog:
  def say(self):
    print "hau"

class Cat:
  def say(self):
    print "meow"

pet = Dog()
pet.say() # prints "hau"
another_pet = Cat()
another_pet.say() # prints "meow"

my_pets = [pet, another_pet]
for a_pet in my_pets:
  a_pet.say()

Cat and Dog in Python don't even have to derive from a common base class to allow this behavior - you gain it for free. That said, some programmers prefer to define their class hierarchies in a more rigid way to document it better and impose some strictness of typing. This is also possible - see for example the abc standard module.

Solution 2:

raise NotImplementedError()

This is the recommended exception to raise on "pure virtual methods" of "abstract" base classes that don't implement a method.

https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/exceptions.html#NotImplementedError says:

This exception is derived from RuntimeError. In user defined base classes, abstract methods should raise this exception when they require derived classes to override the method.

As others said, this is mostly a documentation convention and is not required, but this way you get a more meaningful exception than a missing attribute error.

E.g.:

class Base(object):
    def virtualMethod(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()
    def usesVirtualMethod(self):
        return self.virtualMethod() + 1

class Derived(Base):
    def virtualMethod(self):
        return 1

print Derived().usesVirtualMethod()
Base().usesVirtualMethod()

gives:

2
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./a.py", line 13, in <module>
    Base().usesVirtualMethod()
  File "./a.py", line 6, in usesVirtualMethod
    return self.virtualMethod() + 1
  File "./a.py", line 4, in virtualMethod
    raise NotImplementedError()
NotImplementedError

Related: Is it possible to make abstract classes in Python?

Solution 3:

Python methods are always virtual.