How to Garner Mathematical Intuition

TL;DR

My opinion is that "intuitive" is well approximated by "compatible with our internal model of reality" and I try to argue that such treatment might be useful in gaining or teaching intuition, that is, in my words, updating someone's model to match the reality.

Disclaimer 1:

I am not sure what really is the question about and what are the answers the OP wishes for, however, as this topic seems to be of interest of many, I can take a guess. Most of it is probably well known to you, but I suspect the point is to spell it out. I can only hope the opinions provided would be useful to some.

Disclaimer 2:

All the things below are my own opinions based on my (rather small compared to others) experience with intuition in teaching, doing research, discussions, etc. However, it is worth noting, that quite large part of any success I had was due to gaining intuition either by me or people I communicated with. (I wouldn't cite here the testimonials of students I taught, but you are welcome to search through my answers, especially those that contains pictures, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Also, this is not an (failed) attempt at self-promotion.)

Disclaimer 3:

I find the cited article of Leona Burton misleading and not useful, in particular, I don't agree with meanings of intuition cited by her in the context provided by the paper. Although the aforementioned points are correlated with adjective "intuitive", in my opinion the relation is much weaker than implied by the author.

• Intuitive is the opposite of rigorous. There are many proofs that are intuitive and rigorous, as well as proofs that are informal and not intuitive.
• Intuitive means visual. Although surely visual learners would find visual arguments more intuitive, this feature is orthogonal to intuition, kinesthetic or auditory learners would find other approaches intuitive and the fact that most of us are visual learners is not a reason enough to connect those two terms.
• Intuitive means plausible, or convincing in the absence of proof. It's actually hard to decide here. The meaning of this sentence depends on meaning of "plausible", that is, among others, how "reasonable" or "probable" a thing has to be, to be qualified as "plausible". On the other hand, in a situation where we have hardly any intuition, we can still call some things "plausible", "reasonable" or "probable". Besides, in context of human behavior, we can say that "somebody acted on intuition instead of reason" which would mean that an act does not have to be "reasonable" to be "intuitive". Once again, we are here buried within natural-language semantics.
• Intuitive means incomplete. This is plain false; there are proofs that are intuitive and complete, and there are proofs that are incomplete and aren't intuitive.
• Intuitive means based on a physical model or on special examples. This is close to `heuristic'. There are physical models, special examples and heuristics that are counter-intuitive, also there are intuitive approaches that are general and purely theoretical.
• Intuitive means holistic or integrative as opposed to detailed or analytic. I can agree that intuition often regards the global perspective, but it's not not enough to be intuitive. Moreover, I cannot recollect right now, but there was a theorem where a single detail inside the proof made the whole thing intuitive, it was one of the cases such that when solved, you would know how to solve all the other cases.

Please understand, that I don't say that intuition is not connected with the above, those points are related, but do not cover what I think we would like "intuition" to describe. (Obviously, meanings of words and sentences are not independent, but, nevertheless, try to think about what would happen if we were to perform some kind of orthogonalization on the meaning of the above).

On intuition:

My most useful approximation of "intuition" is

$$\color{blue}{\text{Intuitive means compatible with our model of reality.}}$$

In other words, things we find counter-intuitive behave differently as we would expect them to behave, i.e. our internal model of reality is not consistent with "experimental results" we observe. This might seem like a truism, but it is still an useful approximation.

There is hardly anything we can do about the reality, so to gain intuition we need to update our internal map (like a chart, not a function). There are many approaches. (In fact, we learn if and only if we change our behavior, if some activity does not change our reality model/map/whatever, then we are not learning).

• Test model on simpler cases. For example, many geometrical theorems still work where some segments degenerate to points, e.g. the formula for area of cyclic quadrilateral becomes the Heron's formula.
• Maybe there is an important factor that was not taken into account by our model. This happened for me with the Monty Hall problem, the missing piece of information was that some events are not independent.
• Use different model. This happened for me in linear algebra $$(U + V) \cap W \neq (U \cap W) + (V \cap W),$$ but even better example would be the 3D proof (instead of 2D) of the Desargues' theorem (if you know the proof, this is also a great example for the next point).
• Compose a few already known models. The Einstein-Pythagoras' theorem is a classic example: $$E = m (a^2 + b^2).$$
• Model the model. This might feel weird, but meta-modelling is still a nice technique. It might be useful when you don't know integrals and you want to deduce $\sum_{k=0}^{n}k^\alpha$ for some $\alpha \in \mathbb{N}$. It is easy to intuitively guess sums for $\sum_k 1$ or $\sum_k k$, and then for $\sum_k k^2$. Modelling the model is exactly the process which allows us to guess that $\sum_{k = 0}^{n}k^\alpha$ is $\Theta(n^{\alpha+1})$. Similar generalization might happen with quadrature of higher order, or generalization of Brianchon's theorem to other conics. I'm not sure if I'm overdoing it, but I would say that the category theory is the essence of this trope.

When everything fails, we can still:

• Chart the territory until the pattern arrives. Actually, this is helpful if we have no idea which model would be applicable to considered part of reality. This corresponds to enumerating a few first examples in order to familiarize ourselves with the problem we are solving.
• Produce a completely new model and internalize it. This is a process similar to one where a child with a questionable sense of balance learns how to ride a bicycle, especially making turns; the parent provides the model (lean left/right) and the child tries to make it work.

On teaching intuition:

My experience with teaching intuition is that people think differently, have different reality maps/models and successful "intuition transfer" happens when they updated their models enough to be compatible with presented theorems/data/etc. Some useful techniques:

• Ensure you are "going through", i.e. use words that students understand, pictures with visual thinkers, etc.
• Chart the territory for those who have no models at all, i.e. show basic examples.
• Consider simpler cases first, so that students can decide which of their already-learned models could apply.
• Pinpoint issues that are frequently missed (you need some experience to do this), e.g. show counterexamples for some common fallacies.
• Present different perspectives, maybe from different domains if possible.
• Divide the problems into subproblems so that previous intuitions might be used.
• Give some intuitive (but not necessarily simple) special cases that could be later generalized.
• Let the students think, i.e. allow enough "spare" time for internalization.

Conclusion:

As I said before, all this techniques are mostly known, and my little experience is not enough to attest it works or not. I also doubt the above lists to be complete. Nevertheless, the OP displayed such an eagerness in this topic that I hope he would still find this post useful.

$$\ddot\smile$$

I haven't read the whole article that are are referencing.

I also don't know the philosophical definition(s) of intuition. As mentioned in the comments, the concept of intuition can probably be debated. And so, giving an answer runs the risk of someone disagreeing simply because they understand the concept differently than you do.

That said, maybe the answer to the question (the title of the article)

Why Is Intuition so Important to Mathematicians but Missing from Mathematics Education?

has an easy answer. Maybe it is simply because intuition can't be taught directly. How would you teach it? Intuition is (in my understanding) something that is dependent on the subject. And I don't just mean depending on whether it is mathematics or physics, but also dependent on what type of mathematics or physics that you do.

I believe that intuition comes from doing. The reason that a veteran carpenter is doesn't need a ruler for everything is because he/she has a good feeling (intuition if you will) about what he/she is making. Where did he/she get that feeling? Answer: From having done carpentry for a very long time.

Likewise, if you want your students to have good insight into how to do integrals, you can simply make them do a lot of integrals. That way they build up their database of integrals that they can compare a new unfamiliar integral to.

One of the people interviewed in the article says:

My intuitions are based on my knowledge and my experience. The more I have, the more robust my intuitions are likely to be.

Now, one can of course choose specific types of programs to practice with. The choices made will depend on what skills/techniques that you are trying to teach the students. So in that sense you can teach intuition by exposing students to a great variety of problems. You can also try to dissect the solutions and explain why in hindsight the problem was solved the way it was.

Another thing: Another person quoted in the article says:

Most mathematicians do mathematics for the very good reason that they like and enjoy doing it.

So maybe if you want to cultivate intuition, you could try to cultivate an enjoyment of doing math? Might that be a connection?

I thought to elucidate my meaning of "specific ideas or strategies and steps to attain mathematical intuition" with some helpful quotes. I still am largely interested in the thoughts of others.

● From http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic654912.files/intuition.pdf:

Induction from worked-out examples. Teachers use examples as concrete tools for illustrating concepts and procedures. The underlying assumption is that by following the steps in a worked-out example, students would be able to induce or generalize the correct concept or procedure for the given skill, especially when the example is specific rather than general (Sweller, & Cooper, 1985; VanLehn, 1990), and when students are encouraged to generate explanations during the learning process (Chi, Bassok, Lewis, Reimann, & Glaser, 1989; Chi, & VanLehn, 1991; VanLehn, Jones, & Chi, 1992).

● From http://math.berkeley.edu/~rbayer/09su-55/handouts/ProofByPicture.pdf:

Not only are visual proofs sometimes easier than traditional proofs, they can also help explain why a certain result is true.

[In reference to a traditional proof] Yuk! Not only did we have to know the formula in advance, but the IS [= Induction Step] also required some creative algebra. Plus, we still don’t really know why this should be true. which is of course the hallmark of a good proof.

● From http://www.jstor.org/stable/40248127 $^1$.

My view is that the proof itself - with its step-by-step analytical explicit structure - can and must reach the level and the form of an internally coherent synthetic grasp. And this is an intiution. Let us quote Poincaré [1913]: "In the edifices built up by our masters of what use is to admire the work of the mason if we cannot comprehend the plan of the architect? Now pure logic cannot give us the appreciation of the total effect; this we must ask of the intiution." [p. 217]

$1.$ "Intuition and Proof." by Efraim Fischbein. For the Learning of Mathematics (1982).