Received a label value of 1 which is outside the valid range of [0, 1) - Python, Keras

I am working on a simple cnn classifier using keras with tensorflow background.

def cnnKeras(training_data, training_labels, test_data, test_labels, n_dim):
  print("Initiating CNN")
  seed = 8
  numpy.random.seed(seed)
  model = Sequential()
  model.add(Convolution2D(64, 1, 1, init='glorot_uniform', 
   border_mode='valid',input_shape=(16, 1, 1), activation='relu'))
  model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(1, 1)))
  model.add(Convolution2D(32, 1, 1, init='glorot_uniform', 
   activation='relu'))
  model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(1, 1)))
  model.add(Dropout(0.25))
  model.add(Flatten())
  model.add(Dense(128, activation='relu'))
  model.add(Dropout(0.5))
  model.add(Dense(64, activation='relu'))
  model.add(Dense(1, activation='softmax'))
  # Compile model
  model.compile(loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
              optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'])
  model.fit(training_data, training_labels, validation_data=(
    test_data, test_labels), nb_epoch=30, batch_size=8, verbose=2)

  scores = model.evaluate(test_data, test_labels, verbose=1)
  print("Baseline Error: %.2f%%" % (100 - scores[1] * 100))
  # model.save('trained_CNN.h5')
  return None

It is a binary classification problem, but I keep getting the message Received a label value of 1 which is outside the valid range of [0, 1) which does not make any sense to me. Any suggesstions?


Range [0, 1) means every number between 0 and 1, excluding 1. So 1 is not a value in the range [0, 1).

I am not 100% sure, but the issue could be due to your choice of loss function. For a binary classification, binary_crossentropy should be a better choice.


In the last Dense layer you used model.add(Dense(1, activation='softmax')). Here 1 restricts its value from [0, 1) change its shape to the maximum output label. For eg your output is from label [0,7) then use model.add(Dense(7, activation='softmax'))