Does the Juggernaut's health increase progressively in Survival?

ALL enemies get tougher as the game progresses to higher waves.

This video shows what is possibly the highest legitimate waves that anyone has gotten to (wave 153):

By wave 120+, Juggernauts can eat 5 Predator Missiles directly to the head and survive, compared to a single missile taking out a wave 6 Juggernaut. Looks like even the regular FAD-armed enemies need 30+ bullets from an LMG to kill. Fortunately despite their increased toughness, flashbangs still stun them as long as before.

By that time, the vastly higher total damage from the Airstrike marker barrage makes it much more useful than Predator Missiles.

No, they stay the same all the way through, just spawn more and more of them to increase difficulty. http://callofduty.wikia.com/wiki/Juggernaut_%28enemy%29 it only states that there are different type's of Juggernaut's.