How and what to teach on a first year elementary number theory course?

Solution 1:

You might be interested in looking at some of the work of the Mathematical Associations Special Interest Group (SIGMAA), RUME: Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education.

See also MAA Online: RUME for more information on the group, and abundant resources to sort through, as well as links to the RUME Community Website, where you may be able to get targeted answers and suggestions from folks who know the current research very well, and have ready access to effective syllabi for undergraduate mathematics courses across topics.