Can devices draw power from the MacBook's 3.5 mm audio port?
The answer to this depends on why you're asking the question:
Is the audio port intended to be used for drawing power? - No.
Can a device theoretically draw power from the audio port? - Yes.
Can a device draw enough power to for example charge a phone? - No.
I.e. in most practical circumstances and "wishful thinking" about the audio port - the answer is no. However, if you're doing a hobby project, control the audio output and think it would be fun to power a single LED or similar - that's within reach.