Python sockets error TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' with send function

I am trying to create a program that will open a port on the local machine and let others connect into it via netcat. My current code is.

s = socket.socket()
host = '127.0.0.1'
port = 12345
s.bind((host, port))

s.listen(5)
while True:
    c, addr = s.accept()
    print('Got connection from', addr)
    c.send('Thank you for connecting')
    c.close()

I am new to Python and sockets. But when I run this code it will allow me to send a netcat connection with the command:

nc 127.0.0.1 12345

But then on my Python script I get the error for the c.send:

TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

I am basically just trying to open a port, allow netcat to connect and have a full shell on that machine.

Solution 1:

The reason for this error is that in Python 3, strings are Unicode, but when transmitting on the network, the data needs to be bytes instead. So... a couple of suggestions:

1. Suggest using c.sendall() instead of c.send() to prevent possible issues where you may not have sent the entire msg with one call (see docs).
2. For literals, add a 'b' for bytes string: c.sendall(b'Thank you for connecting')
3. For variables, you need to encode Unicode strings to byte strings (see below)

Best solution (should work w/both 2.x & 3.x):

output = 'Thank you for connecting'
c.sendall(output.encode('utf-8'))

Epilogue/background: this isn't an issue in Python 2 because strings are bytes strings already -- your OP code would work perfectly in that environment. Unicode strings were added to Python in releases 1.6 & 2.0 but took a back seat until 3.0 when they became the default string type. Also see this similar question as well as this one.

Solution 2:

You can decode it to str with receive.decode('utf_8').

Solution 3:

You can change the send line to this:

c.send(b'Thank you for connecting')

The b makes it bytes instead.