Is stopwatch benchmarking acceptable?

Does anyone ever use stopwatch benchmarking, or should a performance tool always be used? Are there any good free tools available for Java? What tools do you use?

To clarify my concerns, stopwatch benchmarking is subject to error due to operating system scheduling. On a given run of your program the OS might schedule another process (or several) in the middle of the function you're timing. In Java, things are even a little bit worse if you're trying to time a threaded application, as the JVM scheduler throws even a little bit more randomness into the mix.

How do you address operating system scheduling when benchmarking?

Stopwatch benchmarking is fine, provided you measure enough iterations to be meaningful. Typically, I require a total elapsed time of some number of single digit seconds. Otherwise, your results are easily significantly skewed by scheduling, and other O/S interruptions to your process.

For this I use a little set of static methods I built a long time ago, which are based on System.currentTimeMillis().

For the profiling work I have used jProfiler for a number of years and have found it very good. I have recently looked over YourKit, which seems great from the WebSite, but I've not used it at all, personally.

To answer the question on scheduling interruptions, I find that doing repeated runs until consistency is achieved/observed works in practice to weed out anomalous results from process scheduling. I also find that thread scheduling has no practical impact for runs of between 5 and 30 seconds. Lastly, after you pass the few seconds threshold scheduling has, in my experience, negligible impact on the results - I find that a 5 second run consistently averages out the same as a 5 minute run for time/iteration.

You may also want to consider prerunning the tested code about 10,000 times to "warm up" the JIT, depending on the number of times you expect the tested code to run over time in real life.

It's totally valid as long as you measure large enough intervals of time. I would execute 20-30 runs of what you intend to test so that the total elapsed time is over 1 second. I've noticed that time calculations based off System.currentTimeMillis() tend to be either 0ms or ~30ms; I don't think you can get anything more precise than that. You may want to try out System.nanoTime() if you really need to measure a small time interval:

• documentation: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#nanoTime()
• SO question about measuring small time spans, since System.nanoTime() has some issues, too: How can I measure time with microsecond precision in Java?

Stopwatch is actually the best benchmark!

The real end to end user response time is the time that actually matters.

It is not always possible to obtain this time using the available tools, for instance most testing tools do not include the time it takes for a browser to render a page so an overcomplex page with badly written css will show sub second response times to the testing tools, but, 5 seconds plus response time to the user.

The tools are great for automated testing, and for problem determinittion but dont lose sight of what you really want to measure.