Can I say "A Chinese" in English?
Yes, you can say "a Chinese" but yes, it sounds at least a little weird to many people most of the time. This is discussed in Why can we say 'an American' but not 'a British'? I'd recommend using the adjective "Chinese" instead it in situations where it is easy to do so, but the noun "Chinese" can be used when necessary. You can see this use listed in a number of dictionaries, such as Merriam-Webster and the American Heritage Dictionary which have as one definition of Chinese "a native or inhabitant of China".
Here is an example I found from the book Sweet Bamboo: A Memoir of a Chinese American Family by Louise Leung Larson (accessed via Google Books):
Being a reporter had not occurred to me; I did not think a Chinese, and especially a woman (women reporters were rare in those days), had the remotest chance.
Alternatives that can be used in certain circumstances:
As a predicate, the adjective can be used instead: "He/she is a Chinese" can be replaced with "He/she is Chinese."
When speaking of Chinese people in general, "the Chinese" is a fairly common phrase, using what seems to be the same grammatical structure as "the French", "the rich", "the poor", "the blind". It takes plural agreement.
Of course, "Chinese person/Chinese people", or if you are talking about a specific person of known gender, possibly "Chinese man" or "Chinese woman", are always possible alternatives.
Another note: the plural form of the noun, "Chineses," was used at one point in time (you can see some results on Google Books from the 1600s-1800s), but it sounds completely wrong to my modern ears. I can't think of any circumstance where I would use it, or advise using it.
There are other nouns that have been used in the past to refer to Chinese people that now sound dated: I would strongly advise against using them as they may cause offense. They are Chinaman (constructed similiarly, though not quite the same way as Frenchman) and Chinee (which stems from a reinterpretation of "the Chinese" as a plural).
Pretty much the same goes for all other nationality words ending in "-ese".
Other somewhat similar topics, although certainly not identical:
The discussion of "is a Jew" vs. "is Jewish" at "How did "Jew" become pejorative?"
The discussion of the use of "gay" and "black" as adjectives vs. as nouns in ruakh's answer to "Is calling a homosexual person “gay” offensive?"
It's very awkward at best. Chinese is an adjective ("he is Chinese") or a collective noun ("the Chinese won the medal in 1996"). The singular noun corresponding to American or Frenchman is "Chinaman". However, "Chinaman" is not considered acceptable for use pretty much anywhere in 2020, which leaves "Chinese person" (in which Chinese functions as an adjective) as the most natural alternative. English is quite reluctant to directly "noun" adjectives describing people, except in collective use — you can have "the elderly" but not "an old", "the poor" but not "a poor", and "the French" but not "a French".