How to do a 1:1 clone of APFS disk?

The asr command is the native tool to clone data and handles all Apple metadata, file systems and APFS / core storage structures. If no one can help, worst case is to restore from a backup and use asr rather than dd the data destroyer.

I partially joke about dd - it’s more useful than just destroying disks, but on several macOS filesystems, you don’t want a perfect clone of the drive identifiers in almost all cases - you want the data moved and not the entire structure and instantiation of what was designed as a unique filesystem identifier and the associated data that you do want to move.

You can absolutely use dd to clone your MacOS disk that has an APFS partition. The issue is that your source and target do not share the same sector size. This isn't a huge issue, though, as the only thing that matters is that the partitions are aligned to the sectors, not the data within them. So if you erase the target disk in Disk Utility selecting GUID and APFS as the scheme and format, then the partitions will be aligned. Then use dd to clone the individual partitions. That's it!