Minecraft: can I get filled in maps using command blocks?

Solution 1:

Yes you can! That is, as long as you know the map number of the map you want to remake (or can figure it out by experimenting).

/give [playername | @p] minecraft:filled_map [amount_of_maps] [map_number]

The key reason this may be possible for you is that you already had the map, since it doesn't appear to be currently possible to generate new, pre-filled maps.

Also backed up by the Minecraft Wiki page on Maps:

A map created using /give can be any map by using the Map parameter to specify the map number desired. E.g. /give [player] minecraft:filled_map{map:5} gives the specified player map_5. If no data value is supplied it defaults to map_0. If map_0 has not ever been crafted, it is centered on x=0, z=0.

References:

• This Arquade post by @theonlygusti
• This Minecraft forum post

Solution 2:

See, THIS is why Minecraft needs an undo button at all times. Unfortunately, there's no way to get your maps back with commands. You'll have to make the maps again, sadly.