Is "Sent from my iPhone" correctly punctuated and capitalized?
Solution 1:
The phrase Sent from my iPhone is a sentence fragment. It is capitalized, as other lonely sentence fragments are. I think of it as a "P.S." after a letter, telling the recipient from where the message was transmitted. The fact that it doesn't have a period matches this.
However, I don't think that it makes much of a difference how this phrase is capitalized or punctuated. It is used as a tagline at the end of messages, and it gets its point across as such.
Solution 2:
This is an example of the telegraphic style of writing. You see it a lot on signs, and this message is an advertising message, which is a kind of signage. You don't see periods on stop signs, do you?
Other signs: