Should you check if the map containsKey before using ConcurrentMap's putIfAbsent

I have been using Java's ConcurrentMap for a map that can be used from multiple threads. The putIfAbsent is a great method and is much easier to read/write than using standard map operations. I have some code that looks like this:

ConcurrentMap<String, Set<X>> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Set<X>>();

// ...

map.putIfAbsent(name, new HashSet<X>());
map.get(name).add(Y);

Readability wise this is great but it does require creating a new HashSet every time even if it is already in the map. I could write this:

if (!map.containsKey(name)) {
    map.putIfAbsent(name, new HashSet<X>());
}
map.get(name).add(Y);

With this change it loses a bit of readability but does not need to create the HashSet every time. Which is better in this case? I tend to side with the first one since it is more readable. The second would perform better and may be more correct. Maybe there is a better way to do this than either of these.

What is the best practice for using a putIfAbsent in this manner?

Concurrency is hard. If you are going to bother with concurrent maps instead of straightforward locking, you might as well go for it. Indeed, don't do lookups more than necessary.

Set<X> set = map.get(name);
if (set == null) {
    final Set<X> value = new HashSet<X>();
    set = map.putIfAbsent(name, value);
    if (set == null) {
        set = value;
    }
}

(Usual stackoverflow disclaimer: Off the top of my head. Not tested. Not compiled. Etc.)

Update: 1.8 has added computeIfAbsent default method to ConcurrentMap (and Map which is kind of interesting because that implementation would be wrong for ConcurrentMap). (And 1.7 added the "diamond operator" <>.)

Set<X> set = map.computeIfAbsent(name, n -> new HashSet<>());

(Note, you are responsible for the thread-safety of any operations of the HashSets contained in the ConcurrentMap.)

Tom's answer is correct as far as API usage goes for ConcurrentMap. An alternative that avoids using putIfAbsent is to use the computing map from the GoogleCollections/Guava MapMaker which auto-populates the values with a supplied function and handles all the thread-safety for you. It actually only creates one value per key and if the create function is expensive, other threads asking getting the same key will block until the value becomes available.

Edit from Guava 11, MapMaker is deprecated and being replaced with the Cache/LocalCache/CacheBuilder stuff. This is a little more complicated in its usage but basically isomorphic.