How would one put a loot table (of any kind) into a chest?
For entities, you can use:
/data modify entity @e[type=sheep,limit=1,sort=nearest] DeathLootTable set value "minecraft:entities/spider"
and the same goes for blocks:
/data modify block <x> <y> <z> LootTable set value "minecraft:chests/village/village_toolsmith"
there is a list of all loot tables on the Minecraft wiki: https://minecraft.gamepedia.com/Loot_table#List_of_loot_tables. Just expand the "File structure" section.