Pokeball type vs Catch Ring bonus in Pokemon Go
So, there are multiple factors that go into catching a Pokemon. The stats of the Pokemon itself, berries, how many throws you've done (i.e. decreased difficulty with each throw, and in increased flee rate), potentially curveballs, the ball you use, and the catch ring.
Firstly, the balls decrease the difficulty, the Basic Pokeball being the base level, then the Great Ball, and the Ultra Ball decreasing the difficulty of the catch (premium balls are a different thing, so we can exclude them).
Secondly, there is the catch ring. You can get a Normal catch (no bonus), a "Nice", "Great", or "Excellent" catch, which also decreases the difficulty of capturing the Pokemon with each one, respectively.
How do these coincide with each other? Is it like a 1:1 bonus, or does the Pokeball type, and the Catch ring bonus affect the catch bonus differently?
E.g., does getting a "Great" throw with a Pokeball equal the same bonus as getting a "Nice" throw with a Greatball?
The Pokemon Go Wiki has a detailed article about catch mechanics. This includes a section describing different multipliers that impact the catch rate. According to that section, the bonus for hitting the inner circle varies continuously depending on the radius of that circle. Hitting an inner circle half the radius of the outer circle is the same bonus as upgrading from a Poke Ball to a Great Ball, and hitting an inner circle with 0 radius would be the same bonus as upgrading from a Poke Ball to an Ultra Ball.